One of the characteristics most commonly attributed to a witch is the ability to cast a spell, which is basically the means used to effect some kind of change, to perform some magical action, to bewitch someone or something, to influence a particular course events or to inject magic into healing remedies or objects. A spell may be whispered over a herbal infusion, as it is often portrayed in popular culture, but the best spells are performed through the elaborate and mysterious ceremonies of ritual magic.
The use of spells dates back to the Magi of Zoroastrianism and ancient Egypt, who together formed the secrecy of the Hellenistic religion and the Greek and Roman mystery religions. All contain early examples of the use of "magic words" (said to have the power to command spirits), wands and other tools, rituals, magic circles (to defend the magician against the spirits he is summoning or evoking), mysterious symbols or sigils (Thought useful to invoke or evoke spirits) and spirit mediums. Galdr is an old Norse word for spell or incantation, and it was generally performed in combination with certain rites.
Spells can be cast to affect oneself, or directed to affect another person, and they can be beneficial or harmful. A positive spell is often called a "blessing", although archaic terms such as "spell" and "enchantment" are still used. Negative spells are generally known as "hexes" or "curses." A “binding spell” is one that is intended to prevent harm, avoid danger, or prevent someone from performing particular acts (eg, stop murder, prevent rape, or even stop the spread of gossip).
A spell has a specific type of formula, usually involving the use of enchantments, images and implements (sometimes called "charms" or " runes ") and a set of simultaneous actions, which are designed to collect magical power and direct it. towards a specific purpose. It can consist of a set of spoken or written words, a formula or verse, a ritual action, or any combination of these. The failure of a spell to work can be attributed to many causes, such as failure to follow the exact formula, general circumstances are unconvincing, lack of magical ability, or downright fraud.
